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RFC-028 & RFC-029: European and African AI Governance — References

RFC-028 & RFC-029: European and African AI Governance — References

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European Union — EU AI Act (RFC-028)

  1. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). OJ L, 2024/1689, 12.7.2024.
    URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689

  2. European Commission (2025). “Guidelines on Prohibited Artificial Intelligence Practices.” Commission Staff Working Document, February 2025.
    URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-guidelines-prohibited-artificial-intelligence-ai-practices

  3. European Commission (2025). “General-Purpose AI Code of Practice.” First iteration, 2025.
    URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-pact

  4. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation — GDPR). Relevant for interaction between data protection and AI governance.

  5. Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive). Cybersecurity requirements referenced by Art. 15 EU AI Act.

EU Institutional Guidance

  1. European AI Office. “Guidance on High-Risk AI Systems and Conformity Assessment.” 2025.
    URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

  2. European Data Protection Board (EDPB). “Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-Making and Profiling.” WP251rev.01.

  3. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). “Getting the Future Right — Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Rights.” 2020.
    URL: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2020/artificial-intelligence-and-fundamental-rights

  4. European Committee for Standardization (CEN-CENELEC JTC 21). Work programme on AI standardisation for EU AI Act harmonised standards.

  5. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). “Securing Artificial Intelligence (SAI)” group specifications.

EU AI Act Analysis

  1. Veale, M. & Borgesius, F.Z. (2021). “Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Analysing the Good, the Bad, and the Unclear Elements.” Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97-112.

  2. Mökander, J. et al. (2022). “Conformity Assessments and Post-market Monitoring: A Guide to the Role of Auditing in the Proposed European AI Regulation.” Minds and Machines, 32, 241-268.

  3. Smuha, N.A. (2021). “From a ‘Race to AI’ to a ‘Race to AI Regulation’: Regulatory Competition for Artificial Intelligence.” Law, Innovation and Technology, 13(1), 57-84.

  4. Ebers, M. et al. (2021). “The European Commission’s Proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act — A Critical Assessment.” JIPITEC, 12(4), 589-603.

  5. Engler, A. (2022). “The EU AI Act will have global impact, but a limited Brussels effect.” Brookings Institution.
    URL: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-eu-ai-act-will-have-global-impact-but-a-limited-brussels-effect/

EU Standards

  1. ISO/IEC 42001:2023. Artificial Intelligence — Management System.
  2. ISO/IEC 23894:2023. Artificial Intelligence — Guidance on Risk Management.
  3. ISO/IEC 38507:2022. Governance of IT — Governance implications of the use of AI.
  4. C2PA (Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity). Technical Specification for Content Marking.
    URL: https://c2pa.org/specifications/

African Union — Continental AI Strategy (RFC-029)

Primary Sources

  1. African Union (2024). “Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy: Harnessing AI for Africa’s Development and Prosperity.” Endorsed at 45th Ordinary Session of the AU Executive Council, Accra, July 2024.
    URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44004-doc-EN-_Continental_AI_Strategy_July_2024.pdf

  2. African Union (2024). “Digital Compact for Africa.” Adopted alongside the AI Strategy, July 2024.
    URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44005-doc-AU_Digital_Compact_V4.pdf

  3. African Union (2022). “AU Data Policy Framework.” Adopted 2022.
    URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/42078-doc-AU-DATA-POLICY-FRAMEWORK-ENG1.pdf

  4. African Union (2014). “Malabo Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection.” (Convention on Confidence and Security in Cyberspace).
    URL: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-cyber-security-and-personal-data-protection

  5. African Union (2013). “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want.” Framework document.
    URL: https://au.int/en/agenda2063/overview

  6. African Union (2020). “Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020-2030).”
    URL: https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38507-doc-dts-english.pdf

  7. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981). OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5.
    Key distinction: establishes peoples’ rights alongside individual rights — foundational for Ubuntu governance model.

  8. AUDA-NEPAD. “White Paper on Artificial Intelligence for Africa.” Pre-Strategy foundational document.

  9. AUDA-NEPAD. “Artificial Intelligence Roadmap for Africa.” Implementation guidance.

Analysis and Commentary

  1. CIPIT (2024). “An In-Depth Analysis of the AU-AI Continental Strategy and Implications on AI Governance in the Continent.” Strathmore University, December 2024.
    URL: https://cipit.org/an-in-depth-analysis-of-the-au-ai-continental-strategy-and-implications-on-ai-governance-in-the-continent/

  2. Global Center on AI Governance (2024). “Africa Now Has a Continental AI Strategy: What Next?” Alayande, A. & Adams, R., August 2024.
    URL: https://www.globalcenter.ai/research/africa-now-has-a-continental-ai-strategy-what-next

  3. Future of Privacy Forum (2024). “The African Union’s Continental AI Strategy: Data Protection and Governance Laws Set to Play a Key Role in AI Regulation.” November 2024.
    URL: https://fpf.org/?p=242999

  4. Montreal Ethics Institute (2025). “AI and Security in Africa: Assessing the African Union’s Continental AI Strategy.”
    URL: https://montrealethics.ai/ai-policy-corner-ai-and-security-in-africa-assessing-the-african-unions-continental-ai-strategy/

  5. Musoni, M. (2024). “Envisioning Africa’s AI Governance Landscape in 2024.” ECDPM Briefing Note 177.
    URL: https://ecdpm.org/application/files/7017/0651/8711/Envisioning-Africas-AI-Governance-Landscape-in-2024-ECDPM-Briefing-Note-177-2024.pdf

  6. Ayana, G. et al. (2024). “Decolonizing Global AI Governance: Assessment of the State of Decolonized AI Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Royal Society Open Science, 11.

African AI Governance — Academic

  1. Eke, D.O., Wakunuma, K., Akintoye, S. (eds.) (2023). Responsible AI in Africa: Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI. Palgrave Macmillan.

  2. Okolo, C.T., Aruleba, K., Obaido, G. (2023). “Responsible AI in Africa—Challenges and Opportunities.” In: Eke et al. (eds.), Responsible AI in Africa, Palgrave Macmillan.

  3. Gwagwa, A., Makhura, M. & Mhlanga, D. (2020). “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deployments in Africa: Benefits, Challenges and Policy Dimensions.” The Africa Journal of Information and Communication, 26.

  4. Kiemde, S.M.A. & Kora, A.D. (2021). “Towards an Ethics of AI in Africa: Rule of Education.” AI and Ethics, 2(1).

  5. Wakunuma, K., Mhlanga, D. & Gwagwa, A. (2022). “Responsible AI SDGs and AI Government in Africa.” IST-Africa 2022 Conference Proceedings.

  6. Adams, R. (2021). “Can Artificial Intelligence be Decolonized?” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 46(1-2), 176-197.

  7. Birhane, A. (2020). “Algorithmic Colonialism.” Weizenbaum Conference on AI and Society.

Ubuntu and African Philosophy Applied to Technology

  1. Metz, T. (2011). “Ubuntu as a Moral Theory and Human Rights in South Africa.” African Human Rights Law Journal, 11(2), 532-559.

  2. Ramose, M.B. (1999). African Philosophy Through Ubuntu. Mond Books. Foundational text on Ubuntu as an ethical framework.

  3. Mhlambi, S. (2020). “From Rationality to Relationality: Ubuntu as an Ethical and Human Rights Framework for Artificial Intelligence Governance.” Carr Center Discussion Paper Series, Harvard Kennedy School.

  4. Birhane, A. & Cummins, F. (2019). “Algorithmic Injustices: Towards a Relational Ethics.” arXiv:1912.07376. Argues for relational (Ubuntu-like) ethics in AI.

National AI Strategies (Africa)

  1. Ministry of ICT and Innovation, Rwanda (2022). “National Artificial Intelligence Policy.”
    URL: https://rura.rw/fileadmin/Documents/ICT/Laws/Rwanda_national_Artificial_intelligence_Policy.pdf

  2. National Information Technology Development Agency, Nigeria (2023). “Nigeria’s National AI Strategy.”

  3. Egypt (2020). “National AI Strategy: Egypt’s Vision for Artificial Intelligence.” National Council for AI.

  4. Senegal (2023). “Stratégie Nationale pour l’Intelligence Artificielle.”

  5. Kenya ICT Authority (2024). “Draft National Artificial Intelligence Strategy.”

Data Sovereignty and African Data Governance

  1. Ingabire, P. (2024). “Rwanda’s Data Governance: Navigating Data Governance in the Public Sector.” Brookings Institution.
    URL: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/rwandas-data-governance-navigating-data-governance-in-the-public-sector/

  2. African Observatory on Responsible AI (AORAI). Institutional mandate for monitoring AI governance on the continent.

  3. Abebe, R. et al. (2021). “Narratives and Counternarratives on Data Sharing in Africa.” Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT).

  4. Kurbalija, J. & Katrandjiev, H. (eds.) (2024). “AI and Digital Policy in Africa.” DiploFoundation.

Cross-Cutting: Comparative AI Governance

  1. UNESCO (2021). “Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.” Adopted at 41st General Conference.
    URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics

  2. UNESCO (2023). “Ethical Impact Assessment: A Tool of the Recommendation on the Ethics of AI.” Methodology referenced by AU Strategy.

  3. OECD (2019). “Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence.” OECD/LEGAL/0449.
    URL: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449

  4. G7 Hiroshima AI Process (2023). “International Code of Conduct for Advanced AI Systems.”

AIGP Protocol References

  • RFC-010: AIGP Core Protocol
  • RFC-010b: Temporal Evidence Chaining
  • RFC-020: Governed Autonomy
  • RFC-024: D-DNA for Governed Autonomy
  • RFC-025: Cognitive Harm Governance
  • RFC-026: User Feedback Signal
  • RFC-027: IHL-Aligned Governance
  • RFC-028: EU AI Act Alignment
  • RFC-029: AU Continental AI Strategy